Preventing cervical cancer and other gynecologic cancers
Gynecologic cancers affect the organs and tissue of the female reproductive system, such as the cervix, ovaries or uterus. When caught early, most gynecologic cancers can be treated. Knowing risk factors and warning signs and receiving regular gynecologic care can help prevent and detect cancer.
Find a provider
Being seen regularly by a gynecologist and/or primary care provider can help prevent and detect gynecologic cancers. Schedule an appointment today to discuss your individual risk factors and screening options. No referral is required to make an appointment with a gynecologist.
Prevention & screening
As with other cancer types, early detection is key to better outcomes. Of gynecologic cancers, only cervical cancer has a screening test.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines
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HPV is a common virus, and certain strains of this virus are responsible for most cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. The HPV vaccine can protect you against the strains of this virus most likely to cause cancer.
The vaccine works best when given at a younger age before a person becomes sexually active or is exposed to the virus. However, you may still be eligible to receive the vaccine as late as your mid-40s. Learn more about the vaccine.
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HPV and Pap tests
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A Pap test, or Pap smear, is the routine screening test for cervical cancer. The Pap test detects precancerous cervical cell changes. Treatment can then prevent these cells from developing into cancer. Routine pap tests are recommended for women starting between ages 21-25.
An HPV test looks for strains of the virus likely to cause cervical cancer. This test can be done at the same time as a Pap test.
With normal test results, you may not need more screenings for three to five years. Talk to your doctor about the best schedule for your individual circumstances.
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Annual checkups
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Make sure you are seen regularly by a gynecologist or primary care provider who performs appropriate screening tests and pelvic examinations when warranted. This can help with early detection.
Risk factors for gynecologic cancers
Factors that may increase your risk of developing some types of gynecologic cancer include:
Age. The risk for gynecologic cancers increases with age. Most of these cancers occur in women who are postmenopausal (who have not had a period for more than 12 months). One exception is cervical cancer, which is most common in women 35-44.
Family history. Women with a family history of certain cancers, such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer or colon cancer have a higher risk of developing gynecologic cancers.
Some inherited genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 and those with hereditary conditions such as Lynch syndrome are also at increased risk for certain types of gynecologic cancers. Genetic counseling can help you better understand your risk level and what steps to take.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection linked to cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers. The risk of contracting the HPV strains that cause these cancers can be lowered by getting the HPV vaccine.
Obesity. Being overweight or living with a condition like obesity greatly increases the chances of endometrial cancer.
Race. While ovarian cancer is more likely to develop in white women than Black women, Black women are nearly twice as likely as white women to die of endometrial or uterine cancer.
Symptoms
Since there are many different types of gynecologic cancers, symptoms can vary. Visit the gynecologic cancer page to learn more about symptoms.